The pancreas is a vital, tadpole-shaped gland situated deep in the upper abdomen, positioned behind the stomach and between the spleen and the duodenum. It serves a dual purpose, acting as both an endocrine and exocrine gland, making it essential for digestion and blood sugar regulation.
Source: Columbia University Department of SurgeryAnatomical Details & Properties
Structure & Location
- Location: Situated retroperitoneally at the level of the L1 and L2 vertebrae.
- Size: Approximately 6–10 inches (15–25 cm) long.
- Appearance: Lobulated, salmon-colored, and spongy.
Key Parts
- Head: Widest part, sitting in the C-loop of the duodenum.
- Tail: Narrow end extending to the spleen.
- Duct System: The main pancreatic duct (Wirsung) joins the common bile duct at the ampulla of Vater.
Dual Functions
1. Exocrine Function (Digestion)
The pancreas produces 1–4 liters of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice daily to break down food.
- Lipase: Breaks down fats.
- Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates.
- Trypsin/Chymotrypsin: Break down proteins.
- Bicarbonate: Neutralises stomach acid.
2. Endocrine Function (Hormones)
The Islets of Langerhans release hormones directly into the bloodstream:
- Insulin (Beta Cells): Lowers blood sugar.
- Glucagon (Alpha Cells): Raises blood sugar.
- Somatostatin (Delta Cells): Regulates other endocrine secretions.
Common Diseases & Disorders
Because the pancreas is deep in the abdomen, conditions can be difficult to diagnose early.
- Pancreatitis: Inflammation often caused by gallstones or alcohol.
- Pancreatic Cancer: Often diagnosed at advanced stages (Adenocarcinoma).
- Diabetes (Type 1 & 2): Issues with insulin production or usage.
- EPI: Inability to produce enough enzymes for absorption.
Common Symptoms
- Persistent abdominal or back pain.
- Unexplained weight loss and Jaundice.
- Steatorrhea (oily, foul-smelling stools).